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These are three fundamental measures of central tendency in statistics. The mean is the arithmetic average, the median is the middle value when data is sorted, and the mode is the most frequently occurring value(s). Range, minimum, and maximum describe the spread of the data.
Mean: x̄ = (∑xᵢ) / n. Median: middle value (or average of two middle values for even n). Mode: value(s) that appear most frequently. Range: max − min.
A dataset is multimodal when two or more values occur with the same highest frequency. For example, in {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4}, both 2 and 3 are modes. Bimodal distributions have two modes, while trimodal have three, etc.
The median is preferred when the dataset contains outliers or is skewed, as it is not affected by extreme values. For example, median income is more representative than mean income when a small number of very high earners skew the average upward.